in the computer science field

computer [kəm'pju:tə(r)]

noun

(electronic) ordinateur m;

∎ he's good at/he works in computers il est bon en/il travaille dans l'informatique;

∎ to have sth on computer avoir qch sur ordinateur

►► the computer age l'ère f des ordinateurs ou de l'informatique;

computer analyst analyste mf;

computer animation animation f par ordinateur;

computer art dessin m par ordinateur;

American computer camp colonie f de vacances centrée sur l'informatique;

computer centre centre m informatique, infocentre m;

computer code code m d'ordinateur;

computer course cours m d'informatique;

computer crime fraude f informatique;

computer dating = rencontres sélectionnées par ordinateur;

computer dealer revendeur m informatique;

computer diagram diagramme m réalisé par ou sur ordinateur;

computer engineer ingénieur-informaticien(enne) m,f;

computer equipment équipment m informatique;

computer expert informaticien(enne) m,f;

computer fraud fraude f informatique;

familiar computer freak (enthusiast) dingue mf d'informatique;

computer game jeu m informatique;

familiar computer geek allumé(e) m,f de l'informatique;

computer generation génération f d'ordinateur;

computer genius génie m de l'informatique;

1 plural noun

(function) graphiques mpl

2 noun

(field) infographie f;

computer hacker pirate mf informatique;

computer hardware matériel m informatique;

computer instruction instruction f machine;

computer keyboard clavier m d'ordinateur;

computer language langage m de programmation;

computer link-up liaison f informatique;

computer literacy compétence f informatique;

computer manager directeur(trice) m,f informatique;

computer manufacturer constructeur m informatique;

computer model modèle m informatique;

computer network réseau m informatique;

computer operator opérateur(trice) m,f (sur ordinateur);

computer output sortie f d'ordinateur;

computer printout sortie f papier; (continuous) listing m, listage m;

computer processing traitement m sur ordinateur;

computer program programme m informatique;

computer programmer programmeur(euse) m,f;

computer programming programmation f;

computer rage = manifestations d'agressivité à l'égard de son ordinateur;

computer room salle f des ordinateurs;

computer science informatique f;

computer scientist informaticien(enne) m,f;

computer simulation simulation f par ordinateur;

computer stationery papier m listing

computer supplier fournisseur m informatique;

computer system système m informatique;

computer technician technicien(enne) m,f en informatique;

computer terminal terminal m informatique;

computer translation traduction f par ordinateur;

computer typesetting composition f par ordinateur;

computer vaccine vaccin m informatique;

computer virus virus m informatique

computer [kəmˈpju:tə^r]

• he is in computers il est dans l'informatique

• on computer sur ordinateur

• to do sth by computer faire qch sur ordinateur

► computer-aided adjective assisté par ordinateur

► computer crime noun ( = illegal activities) criminalité f informatique ; ( = illegal act) délit m informatique

► computer dating service noun club m de rencontres sélectionnées par ordinateur

► computer error noun erreur f informatique

► computer game noun jeu m électronique

► computer-generated adjective [graphics] généré par ordinateur ; [image] de synthèse

► computer graphics noun ( = field) infographie f ; ( = pictures) images fpl de synthèse

► computer language noun langage m de programmation

► computer literacy noun compétence f en informatique

► computer-literate adjective qui a des connaissances en informatique

► computer operator noun opérateur m, - trice f

► computer printout noun listing m d'ordinateur

► computer program noun programme m informatique

► computer programmer noun programmeur m, - euse f

► computer programming noun programmation f

► computer science noun informatique f

► computer scientist noun informaticien (ne) m(f)

► computer studies plural noun informatique f

► computer system noun système m informatique

► computer virus noun virus m informatique

* * *

noun ordinateur m

   1) The Basic Idea of Cognitive Science

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense.... [P]eople and intelligent computers turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

   2) Experimental Psychology, Theoretical Linguistics, and Computational Simulation of Cognitive Processes Are All Components of Cognitive Science

   I went away from the Symposium with a strong conviction, more intuitive than rational, that human experimental psychology, theoretical linguistics, and computer simulation of cognitive processes were all pieces of a larger whole, and that the future would see progressive elaboration and coordination of their shared concerns.... I have been working toward a cognitive science for about twenty years beginning before I knew what to call it. (G. A. Miller, 1979, p. 9)

   3) The Nature of Cognitive Science

    Cognitive Science studies the nature of cognition in human beings, other animals, and inanimate machines (if such a thing is possible). While computers are helpful within cognitive science, they are not essential to its being. A science of cognition could still be pursued even without these machines.

    Computer Science studies various kinds of problems and the use of computers to solve them, without concern for the means by which we humans might otherwise resolve them. There could be no computer science if there were no machines of this kind, because they are indispensable to its being. Artificial Intelligence is a special branch of computer science that investigates the extent to which the mental powers of human beings can be captured by means of machines.

   There could be cognitive science without artificial intelligence but there could be no artificial intelligence without cognitive science. One final caveat: In the case of an emerging new discipline such as cognitive science there is an almost irresistible temptation to identify the discipline itself (as a field of inquiry) with one of the theories that inspired it (such as the computational conception...). This, however, is a mistake. The field of inquiry (or "domain") stands to specific theories as questions stand to possible answers. The computational conception should properly be viewed as a research program in cognitive science, where "research programs" are answers that continue to attract followers. (Fetzer, 1996, pp. xvi-xvii)

   4) The Nature of Cognitive Science

   What is the nature of knowledge and how is this knowledge used? These questions lie at the core of both psychology and artificial intelligence.

   The psychologist who studies "knowledge systems" wants to know how concepts are structured in the human mind, how such concepts develop, and how they are used in understanding and behavior. The artificial intelligence researcher wants to know how to program a computer so that it can understand and interact with the outside world. The two orientations intersect when the psychologist and the computer scientist agree that the best way to approach the problem of building an intelligent machine is to emulate the human conceptual mechanisms that deal with language.... The name "cognitive science" has been used to refer to this convergence of interests in psychology and artificial intelligence....

   This working partnership in "cognitive science" does not mean that psychologists and computer scientists are developing a single comprehensive theory in which people are no different from machines. Psychology and artificial intelligence have many points of difference in methods and goals.... We simply want to work on an important area of overlapping interest, namely a theory of knowledge systems. As it turns out, this overlap is substantial. For both people and machines, each in their own way, there is a serious problem in common of making sense out of what they hear, see, or are told about the world. The conceptual apparatus necessary to perform even a partial feat of understanding is formidable and fascinating. (Schank & Abelson, 1977, pp. 1-2)

   5) The New Field of Cognitive Science

   Within the last dozen years a general change in scientific outlook has occurred, consonant with the point of view represented here. One can date the change roughly from 1956: in psychology, by the appearance of Bruner, Goodnow, and Austin's Study of Thinking and George Miller's "The Magical Number Seven"; in linguistics, by Noam Chomsky's "Three Models of Language"; and in computer science, by our own paper on the Logic Theory Machine. (Newell & Simon, 1972, p. 4)

1 space, ambit, closed quarters, environment.

2 range, scope, purview.

3 terms of reference, brief of study.

* * *

► nombre masculino

1 (espacio) sphere, space

■ en el ámbito nacional nationwide

■ en el ámbito de la región within the region

■ de ámbito local local

2 (marco) field

■ en el ámbito de la informática in the computer science field

■ fuera del ámbito de mis capacidades beyond my capabilities

* * *

1) (=campo) field; (=límite) boundary, limit

2) (fig) (=esfera) scope, range

* * *

a) (campo, círculo) sphere, field

b) ( alcance) scope, range

* * *

= front, scope, milieu, sphere, domain, ambit, shore.

Ex. Present auguries on the resource front are not good.

Ex. Subject field definition arises from the scope of the information service or system that the indexing language is expected to serve.

Ex. These are the kinds of problems that characteristically arise in the complex and continually changing milieu of libraries and media and information centers.

Ex. I am not convinced that people become connoisseurs -- experts: educated and discriminating people in any sphere -- from limited knowledge and experience, no matter how rich in quality.

Ex. The CRONOS data bank includes a FISH domain, with data on catches and fleet statistics, and the COMEXT data bank covers the external trade statistics of fisheries.

Ex. Though the liaison is valuable there is a danger of the National Archives' representatives being too submerged in the President's ambit to be fully impartial.

Ex. People have employed this term to encompass programmes of study stretching from the furthest shores of technology-based activity to the vaguest and most nebulous-seeming courses of study in the arts/humanities areas.

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* ámbito de acción = territory, sphere of influence.

* ámbito de actuación = sphere of activity, sphere of influence, arena for activity, extent of activity.

* ámbito de aplicación = field of application.

* ámbito de estudio = scope.

* ámbito de experiencia = circle of experience.

* ámbito de interés = sphere of interest.

* ámbito de trabajo = field of endeavour.

* ámbito geográfico de actuación = catchment area.

* ámbito privado, el = private sector, the.

* ámbito público, el = public sector, the.

* de ámbito estatal = statewide [state-wide].

* en el ámbito de = in the realm of.

* entrar dentro del ámbito de = fall into + the ambit of.

* entrar en el ámbito de = fall within + the ambit of.

* * *

a) (campo, círculo) sphere, field

b) ( alcance) scope, range

* * *

* * *

1 (campo, área de acción) field, area, sphere

en tres ámbitos muy distintos in three very different fields o areas o spheres

en el ámbito de la investigación in the field of research

en el ámbito de la política within the sphere of politics

han reducido su ámbito de acción they have reduced their sphere of activity

(ambiente): el clima de violencia vivido en el ámbito de la familia the climate of violence experienced within the family

en el ámbito literario in literary circles

3 (alcance) scope, range

fuera del ámbito de su competencia beyond the scope o range of his authority

el ámbito (de aplicación) de la ley the scope of the law

una empresa de ámbito nacional a company with outlets ( o offices etc) throughout the country o nationwide

* * *

a) (campo, círculo) sphere, field

b) ( alcance) scope, range;

◊ el ámbito (de aplicación) de la ley the scope of the law

* * *

ámbito nm

1. [espacio, límites] confines, scope;

un problema de ámbito nacional a nationwide problem;

una ley de ámbito provincial a law which is applicable at provincial level;

dentro del ámbito de within the scope of;

fuera del ámbito de outside the realm of;

ámbito geográfico [de una especie] geographic domain

2. [ambiente] world, circles;

una teoría poco conocida fuera del ámbito científico a theory which is little known outside scientific circles o the scientific world;

la violencia en el ámbito familiar domestic violence

* * *

1 area

2 ( límite) scope

* * *

ámbito nm

: domain, field, area

feminine of INFORMÁTICO.

information technology, computer science, data processing, informatics.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 computer science, computing

* * *

SF computing

* * *

femenino computer science, computing

* * *

= computer science, computing science, computing, computing field.

Ex. The subject is an interdisciplinary one, with connections with computer science, the new media and the humanities and sciences generally.

Ex. Although still wide, this definition excluded programmes in the computing science and information technology field designed for technologists.

Ex. Developments in computing and telecommunication have brought about fundamental changes in worldwide business practices.

Ex. The author summarises the subject coverage of the computing field, sources abstracted/indexed, content of the records and indexing practice.

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* acreditación en informática = computer driving licence.

* acreditación europea en informática = European computer driving licence (ECDL).

* aficionado a la informática = computer buff.

* alfabetización en informática = computer literacy.

* amante de la informática = computer buff.

* aparato de informática del tamaño de la palma de la mano = palm computing device.

* chiflado de la informática = computer geek.

* con conocimiento de informática = computer literate [computer-literate].

* conocimiento básicos de informática = computer literacy.

* desde el punto de vista de la informática = computationally.

* en la sala de informática = lab based [lab-based].

* era de la informática, la = computer age, the.

* experto en informática = computer expert.

* formación en informática = computer literacy.

* friki de la informática = computer geek, computer whiz.

* friqui de la informática = computer geek, computer whiz.

* informática a distancia = telecomputing.

* informática aplicada a los museos = museum computing field.

* informática caótica = chaotic computing.

* informática documental = library computing, library computing field.

* informática educativa = educational computing.

* la industria de la informática = computer industry.

* microinformática = micro-informatics.

* revistas de informática = computer press, the.

* sala de informática = computer room, computer lab, computer laboratory.

* servicio de informática = computing service.

* * *

femenino computer science, computing

* * *

* * *

computer science, computing

* * *

* * *

informática nf

1. [tecnología] computing, information technology;

el departamento de informática de una empresa the IT department of a company;

la empresa va a invertir más en informática the company is going to invest more in computers;

no sé nada de informática I don't know anything about computers;

se requieren conocimientos de informática candidates should be computer-literate

2. [asignatura] computer science

3. ver informático

* * *

f information technology

I adj computer atr

II m, informática f IT specialist

* * *

informática nf

: computer science, computing

* * *

informática n computing / information technology

   1) Programs and the Complexity of Human Mental Processes

   In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Is an Engineering Discipline

   Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)

   3) A Sceptical View of Artificial Intelligence

   Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....

   When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)

   4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually

   Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the Program

   Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)

   6) The Meaning of a Symbolic Description

   What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   7) The Principle of Artificial Intelligence

   [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)

   8) Artificial Intelligence Recognizes the Need for Knowledge in Its Systems

   The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)

   9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

    10) There Are Many Types of Reasoning

   There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:

    Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."

    Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)

    11) Programs Are Beginning to Do Things That Critics Have Asserted to Be Impossible

   Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)

    12) The Synthesis of Man and Machine

   Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)

    13) The Thesis of Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI)

   The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)

    14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation

   It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)

    15) Four Kinds of Artificial Intelligence

   We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.

   ♦ Nonpsychological AI

   Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.

   ♦ Weak Psychological AI

   Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.

   ♦ Strong Psychological AI

... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)

   ♦ Suprapsychological AI

   Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)

    16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts

   Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)

    17) Form and Content Are Not Fundamentally Different

   Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System

   Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence

   The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.

   The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)

    20) Mathematical Logic Provides the Basis for Theory in AI

   The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....

   AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)

    21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions

   In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)

    22) Definitions of Artificial Intelligence

   Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)

    23) The Computer Can Not Be a Model of the Mind

   Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)

    24) Computers Will Not Always Be Inferior to Human Brains

   The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

1 computation, calculation.

2 computer science, computing.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 computing

* * *

SF esp LAm

1) (=cálculo) calculation

2) esp LAm (Inform) computing

* * *

a) (Inf) computing

b) ( cálculo) cómputo a)

* * *

= computing, computing field.

Ex. Developments in computing and telecommunication have brought about fundamental changes in worldwide business practices.

Ex. The author summarises the subject coverage of the computing field, sources abstracted/indexed, content of the records and indexing practice.

----

* campo de la computación = computing field.

* centro de computación = computing centre.

* ciencias de la computación = computer science, computational science.

* ciencias de la computación y tecnología informática = computer science and technology.

* computación caótica = chaotic computing.

* * *

a) (Inf) computing

b) ( cálculo) cómputo a)

* * *

* * *

1 ( Inf) computing

experto en computación an expert in computers, a computer expert

curso de computación a computer course, a course in computing

2 (cálculo) cómputo m 1. (↑ cómputo)

* * *

computación nf

1. [cómputo] calculation, computation

2. Am [informática] computing

* * *

f L.Am.

1 calculation

2 INFOR computer science

* * *

computación nf, pl - ciones : computing, computers pl

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 ■ Wittgenstein, L. (1953). Philosophical investigations. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

 ■ Wittgenstein, L. (1958). The blue and brown books. New York: Harper Colophon.

 ■ Woods, W. A. (1975). What's in a link: Foundations for semantic networks. In D. G. Bobrow & A. Collins (Eds.), Representations and understanding: Studies in cognitive science (pp. 35-84). New York: Academic Press.

 ■ Woodworth, R. S. (1938). Experimental psychology. New York: Holt; London: Methuen (1939).

 ■ Wundt, W. (1904). Principles of physiological psychology (Vol. 1). E. B. Titchener (Trans.). New York: Macmillan.

 ■ Wundt, W. (1907). Lectures on human and animal psychology. J. E. Creighton & E. B. Titchener (Trans.). New York: Macmillan.

 ■ Young, J. Z. (1978). Programs of the brain. New York: Oxford University Press.

 ■ Ziman, J. (1978). Reliable knowledge: An exploration of the grounds for belief in science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

1 advance.

2 money in advance, earnest money.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: adelantar.

* * *

► nombre masculino

1 (avance) advance

■ los adelantos de la ciencia the progress of science

2 (tiempo) advance

■ llegó con una hora de adelanto she arrived an hour in advance

■ el primero lleva diez minutos de adelanto al segundo the first has ten minutes' lead over the second

3 (pago) advance; (técnicamente) advance payment

* * *

1) advance, progress

2) advance payment

* * *

1) (=progreso)

a) (=acción) advancement; (=resultado) step forward

b) pl adelantos (=descubrimientos) advances

2) [en tiempo]

3) [de información]

4) [de dinero] (=anticipo) advance; (=depósito) deposit

5) (Ajedrez) (=movimiento) forward move

* * *

1) ( avance) step forward

2) ( del sueldo) advance; ( depósito) deposit

3) ( en el tiempo)

* * *

= breakthrough [break-through], advance.

Ex. With the exception of a few prescient observers, most predictions of the 20th century overlooked such breakthroughs as the computer.

Ex. As soon as the advance was paid however the manager did a bunk with the money, around £100000, and was never seen nor heard of again.

* * *

1) ( avance) step forward

2) ( del sueldo) advance; ( depósito) deposit

3) ( en el tiempo)

* * *

* * *

A (avance) advance

los adelantos de la ciencia the advances of science

con los adelantos de hoy en día no existen las distancias advances in modern day communications mean that distances no longer mean anything

los ordenadores suponen un gran adelanto computers represent a great step forward

el sistema de los cajeros automáticos fue un gran adelanto the automatic cash dispenser system was a huge breakthrough o step forward

B (del sueldo) advance; (depósito) deposit

pidió un adelanto she asked for an advance

hay que abonar un adelanto del 10% you have to pay a 10% deposit

(en el tiempo): lleva un adelanto de tres minutos con respecto a los otros corredores he has a three minute lead over the rest of the field, he is three minutes ahead of the rest of the field

el tren llegó con un poco de adelanto the train arrived slightly o a little early

* * *

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

a) ‹fecha/viaje› to bring forward

b) ‹pieza/ficha› to move … forward

a) ‹ reloj› to put … forward

b) ‹ balón› to pass … forward

c) ‹ trabajo› to get on with

◊ con llorar no adelantas nada crying won't get you anywhere

a) ( avanzar) to make progress

b) [ reloj] to gain

a) ( avanzar) to move forward

b) ( ir delante) to go ahead;

◊ se adelantó para comprar las entradas she went (on) ahead to buy the tickets

a) [ cosecha] to be early;

b) [ reloj] to gain

◊ se adelantó a su época he was ahead of his time;

◊ los adelantos de la ciencia the advances of science

◊ llegó con un poco de adelanto he/she/it arrived slightly early

* * *

adelanto nm

1. [de dinero] advance;

pidió un adelanto del sueldo she asked for an advance on her wages

2. [técnico] advance;

este descubrimiento supone un gran adelanto this discovery is a great advance;

utilizan los últimos adelantos tecnológicos they use the latest technological advances o developments

3. [de noticia] advance notice;

un adelanto del programa de festejos a preview of the programme of celebrations

4. [de reunión, viaje] bringing forward;

el gobierno anunció el adelanto de las elecciones the government announced that it was bringing forward the date of the elections

5. [anticipación]

el proyecto lleva dos días de adelanto the project is two days ahead of schedule

* * *

m tb

adelantos advances

* * *

adelanto nm

1) : advance, progress

2) : advance payment

3) : earliness

llevamos una hora de adelanto: we're running an hour ahead of time

* * *

adelanto n advance

a branch of computer science concerned with the development of computer systems capable of performing functions that normally require human intelligence, for example, reasoning, problem solving, learning from experience, and speech recognition. Artificial intelligence research combines elements of computer science and cognitive psychology. It is a controversial field because of the difficulty of defining its goals and disagreement over whether these goals are attainable. Much research has been done since World War II, beginning with the theoretical work of Alan Turing during the 1940s. The term became known with the publication in 1961 of the paper Steps Toward Artificial Intelligence by Marvin Minsky, cofounder with John McCarthy of the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Branches of artificial intelligence with applications in business and management include expert systems and robotics.

SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology

[br]

[br]

[br]

Born on a cattle ranch, Forrester obtained a BSc in electrical engineering at the University of Nebraska in 1939 and his MSc at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he remained to teach and carry out research. Becoming interested in computing, he established the Digital Computer Laboratory at MIT in 1945 and became involved in the construction of Whirlwind I, an early general-purpose computer completed in March 1951 and used for flight-simulation by the US Army Air Force. Finding the linear memories then available for storing data a major limiting factor in the speed at which computers were able to operate, he developed a three-dimensional store based on the binary switching of the state of small magnetic cores that could be addressed and switched by a matrix of wires carrying pulses of current. The machine used parallel synchronous fixed-point computing, with fifteen binary digits and a plus sign, i.e. 16 bits in all, and contained 5,000 vacuum tubes, eleven semiconductors and a 2 MHz clock for the arithmetic logic unit. It occupied a two-storey building and consumed 150kW of electricity. From his experience with the development and use of computers, he came to realize their great potential for the simulation and modelling of real situations and hence for the solution of a variety of management problems, using data communications and the technique now known as interactive graphics. His later career was therefore in this field, first at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory in Lexington, Massachusetts (1951) and subsequently (from 1956) as Professor at the Sloan School of Management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

[br]

See also: Burks, Arthur Walter; Goldstine, Herman H.; Wilkes, Maurice Vincent; Williams, Sir Frederic Calland

   1) Origin of the Term " Information Processing"

   The term "information processing" originated in the late fifties in the computer field as a general descriptive term that seemed somewhat less contingent and parochial than "computer science," which also came into use during the same period. Thus, it was the name of choice for two of the encompassing professional organizations formed at the time: the In ternational Federation of Information Processing Societies and the American Federation of Information Processing Societies. Although the transfer of the phrase from activities of computers to parallel activities of human beings undoubtedly occurred independently in a number of heads, the term was originally identified pretty closely with computer simulation of cognitive processes... ; that is, with the kind of effort from which arose the theory in this book. (Newell & Simon, 1972, p. 888)

    Assumptions of Information Processing Psychology

   It was because the activities of the computer itself seemed in some ways akin to cognitive processes. Computers accept information, manipulate symbols, store items in "memory" and retrieve them again, classify inputs, recognize patterns and so on.... Indeed the assumptions that underlie most contemporary work on information processing are surprisingly like those of nineteenth century introspective psychology, though without introspection itself. (Neisser, 1976, pp. 5, 7)

   2) The Processor and the Logical Nature of Problem- Solving Strategies

   The processor was assumed to be rational, and attention was directed to the logical nature of problem solving strategies. The "mature western mind" was presumed to be one that, in abstracting knowledge from the idosyncracies of particular everyday experience, employed Aristotelian laws of logic. When applied to categories, this meant that to know a category was to have an abstracted clear-cut, necessary, and sufficient criteria for category membership. If other thought processes, such as imagery, ostensive definition, reasoning by analogy to particular instances, or the use of metaphors were considered at all, they were usually relegated to lesser beings such as women, children, primitive people, or even to nonhumans. (Rosch & Lloyd, 1978, p. 2)

техник|а - ж.
1. (область человеческой деятельности) engineering technology, industrial arts;
передовая ~ advanced technology;
~ связи communication technologies;
достижения ~и technical achievements, achievements in technology;
область ~и field of technology;
тенденции в развитии ~и trends in technology;
вычислительная ~ computer science;
счётно-вычислительная ~ computer technology;

2. собир. (оборудование) equipment, machinery, plant;
беречь ~у look after machinery;
боевая ~ fighting equipment;
material;
морально устаревшая ~ morally obsolete equipment;
~ новых поколений new generations of equipment;
особо точная ~ high-precision equipment;
разгрузочная ~ unloading facilities;
сложная ~ sophisticated equipment;
внедрение новой ~и и технологии introduction of the latest machinery and technology;

3. (приёмы исполнения) technique(s) ;
~ шахматной игры chess technique;
музыкальная ~ musical technique;
~ работы operational techniques pl. ;
~ обработки processing technique;
~ производства manufacturing technique;
~ работы work/operation technique;
~ руководства management technique;
~ безопасности safety devices, accident prevention;
нормы ~и безопасности safety standard;
правила ~и безопасности factory safety rules;
соблюдать правила ~и безопасности observe safety rules and regulations.

- mieć dużo pracy to have a lot of work (to do)

- jest jeszcze dużo pracy there’s still a lot of work to be done

- zabrać się a. wziąć się do pracy to set to a. get down to a. go to work

- przykładać się do pracy to apply oneself to one’s work

- przerwać pracę (zastrajkować) to come out a. go (out) on strike

- włożyć w coś wiele pracy to put a lot of work into sth

- dojść do majątku (własną) pracą to get wealthy through one’s own efforts

- wszystko osiągnął ciężką pracą he owes everything to his own hard work

- cała jego praca poszła na marne all his work came to naught a. went down the drain pot.

- (jego) praca nad filmem/nową rolą (his) work on a film/a new role

- praca przy a. na komputerze/taśmie work on the computer/the production line

- praca z dziećmi upośledzonymi umysłowo work with mentally handicapped children

- praca z młodzieżą youth work

- praca fizyczna physical work, manual labour

- praca umysłowa (urzędnicza) white-collar work; (intelektualna) intellectual work

- praca zarobkowa paid work, gainful employment

- praca badawcza research work

- praca społeczna voluntary a. community work

- praca polityczna political activity

- praca charytatywna charity work

- praca papierkowa paperwork

- praca niewolnicza slave labour

- praca ponad siły superhuman work

- praca zespołowa team work

- praca w grupach group work

- praca wykonywana z zamiłowaniem a labour of love

- człowiek pracy a working man

- świat pracy the working classes, the world of work

- narzędzia pracy tools; przen. the tools of the trade

- nawał a. ogrom pracy pressure of work

- podział pracy Ekon. the division of labour

- tempo pracy the pace of work

- wypadek przy pracy an accident at work; an industrial accident; przen. a mishap; a slip-up pot.

- mieć pracę to be in work, to have a job

- nie mieć pracy to be out of work a. out of a job

- szukać pracy to look a. to be looking for work a. a job, to job-hunt

- iść do pracy (zacząć zarabiać) to begin a. start work

- rozpoczynać/kończyć pracę to begin a. start/finish work

- dostać/stracić pracę to get/lose a job

- zmienić pracę to change jobs

- żyć z pracy własnych rąk to earn one’s living by honest work

- dać komuś pracę to give sb work a. a job

- zwolnić kogoś z pracy to give sb (their) notice, to dismiss sb

- podziękować komuś za pracę to let sb go euf.

- praca w pełnym/niepełnym wymiarze godzin a full-time/a part-time job

- praca w systemie zmianowym shift work

- praca etatowa/stała a permanent/a steady job

- praca dorywcza (fizyczna) an odd job, casual work; (biurowa) a temping job

- praca sezonowa seasonal work

- praca sezonowa przy zbiorze truskawek seasonal work as a strawberry picker

- praca wakacyjna a holiday job

- praca dodatkowa an extra job

- praca na akord piecework

- praca zlecona a. na zlecenie contract work

- dorabiał do pensji pracami zleconymi he supplemented his income with contract work

- praca na własny rachunek self-employment

- praca zawodowa career

- praca zawodowa przy domowym terminalu telecommuting

- praca z utrzymaniem a live-in job, work with bed and board

- dobrze płatna praca a well-paid job

- ciągłość pracy continuity of employment

- staż pracy seniority, length of service

- długi/krótki staż pracy long/short service

- czas pracy working time a. hours

- ruchomy czas pracy flexitime

- skrócony czas pracy short time

- dzień pracy a working day

- dzień wolny od pracy a holiday

- godziny pracy (pracownika) working hours; (biura, sklepu) business hours

- miejsce pracy work(place)

- tworzenie nowych miejsc pracy job creation

- rynek pracy the labour market

- zakład pracy workplace

- umowa o pracę contract of employment, employment contract

- nagroda za 10 lat pracy a bonus for 10 years of service

- być w pracy to be at work

- pójść/przyjść do pracy to go/come to work

- jeszcze nie wrócił (do domu) z pracy he’s not home from work yet

- ona zawsze spóźnia się do pracy she’s always late for work

- nie dzwoń do mnie do pracy don’t phone me at work

- koledzy/koleżanki z pracy colleagues from work, fellow workers, workmates

- nieobecność w pracy absence from work

- praca monograficzna a monograph

- praca źródłowa a study based on sources a. on source materials

- praca o muzyce/sztuce a. na temat muzyki/sztuki a work on a. about music/art

- praca z (zakresu a. dziedziny) genetyki a work on genetics

- napisać/ogłosić pracę z zakresu fizyki to write/publish a paper on physics

- wystawa prac młodych artystów an exhibition of work(s) by young artists

- na konkurs zgłoszono 20 prac there were 20 entries for the competition

- praca domowa homework

- odrabiać pracę domową to do homework

- zadać uczniom pracę domową to give pupils homework a. an assignment US

- praca klasowa a class test

- praca semestralna a term a. an end-of-term paper

- praca egzaminacyjna an examination paper a. script

- praca dyplomowa/magisterska a Bachelor’s dissertation/a Master’s dissertation a. master’s thesis

- praca doktorska/habilitacyjna a doctoral/a postdoctoral dissertation

- praca pisemna z języka polskiego a Polish essay

- poprawiać prace studentów to mark students’ work

- praca serca the action of the heart

- zatrzymanie pracy serca cardiac arrest

- praca mięśni the work of the muscles

- praca nerek the functioning of the kidneys

- praca nóg Sport footwork

- praca umysłu ludzkiego the workings of the human mind

- praca maszyny/silnika the work a. operation of a machine/an engine

- praca bez zakłóceń smooth running

- tryb pracy (urządzenia) a mode

- sterowanie pracami job control

- język sterowania pracami job control language

- kolejka prac a job queue

- jednostka pracy unit of work

- prace badawcze/badawczo-rozwojowe research/research and development work

- prace przygotowawcze/wykończeniowe preparatory/completion work

- prace murarskie/transportowe masonry a. bricklaying work/transport

- prace remontowe/restauracyjne repair/restoration work

- prace polowe/żniwne work in the field/harvesting

- prace budowlane building work(s)

- prace ziemne earthworks

- prace budowlane jeszcze trwają the building work is still going on a. in progress

- □ praca mechaniczna Techn. mechanical work także przen.

- praca nakładcza outwork

- praca nieprodukcyjna Ekon. non-productive labour

- praca organiczna Hist. ≈ organic work (a programme of economic and cultural development, launched by the Polish positivists)

- praca produkcyjna Ekon. productive labour

- praca u podstaw Hist. ≈ work at the grass roots (a programme of spreading literacy and popularizing science among the masses, launched by the Polish positivists)

- prace domowe housework

- prace ręczne Szkol. handicrafts

■ praca benedyktyńska książk. painstaking work

- praca herkulesowa a Herculean task

- praca syzyfowa książk. Sisyphean task a. labours

- cześć pracy! pot. (pożegnanie) cheerio! pot.; (powitanie) howdy! US pot.

- bez pracy nie ma kołaczy przysł. no gains without pains

- cierpliwością i pracą ludzie się bogacą przysł. all things come to those who wait przysł.

- jaka praca, taka płaca przysł. ≈ you only get paid for what you do

- żadna praca nie hańbi przysł. ≈ honest work is nothing to be ashamed of

- praca nie zając, nie ucieknie pot. work can wait

m einer Stadt etc.: central area; eines Erdbebens: epicent|re (Am. -er); der Kernbereich der Problematik the crucial problem area

* * *

1) (= Kernzone) centre (Brit), center (US), central part

2) (= Hauptgebiet) fundamental or key area

3) (Aus SCH = Stoffbereich für Reifeprüfung) core area or field

* * *

m central area, core

* * *

Kernbereich m einer Stadt etc: central area; eines Erdbebens: epicentre (US -er);

der Kernbereich der Problematik the crucial problem area

1 knowledge.

hablar/actuar con conocimiento de causa to know what one is talking about/doing

poner algo en conocimiento de alguien to bring something to somebody's attention, to inform somebody of something

tener conocimiento de algo to be aware of something

ha llegado a mi conocimiento que estás insatisfecho it has come to my attention that you are not happy

2 consciousness (sentido, conciencia).

perder/recobrar el conocimiento to lose/regain consciousness

estaba tumbado en el suelo, sin conocimiento he was lying unconscious on the floor

3 awareness, consciousness, cognizance.

* * *

► nombre masculino

1 (In 1, also used in plural with the same meaning) (saber) knowledge

■ tiene pocos conocimientos de pintura she knows little about painting

2 (sensatez) good sense

3 (conciencia) consciousness

\

con conocimiento de causa with full knowledge of the facts

perder el conocimiento to lose consciousness

poner algo en conocimiento de alguien to make something known to somebody, inform somebody of something

recobrar el conocimiento to regain consciousness, come round

tener conocimiento de algo to know about something

* * *

1) knowledge

2) consciousness

* * *

1) (=saber) knowledge

2) (=información) knowledge

3) (=consciencia) consciousness

4) (=sentido común) common sense

5) (Jur) cognizance frm

6) (Com)

* * *

1)

a) ( saber) knowledge

b) conocimientos masculino plural ( nociones) knowledge

2) (frml) ( información)

- conocimiento de embarque

3) ( sentido) consciousness

4) ( entendimiento)

* * *

= cognition, competency, enlightenment, expertise, familiarisation [familiarization, -USA], familiarity, insight, knowledge, learning, acquaintance, understanding, cognisance [cognizance, -USA], connoisseurship, consciousness.

Ex. The information-processing model of cognition, and developments in artificial intelligence encourage such comparisons = El modelo de la cognición sobre el procesamiento de la información de y los avances de la inteligencia artificial fomentan este tipo de comparaciones.

Ex. SLIS programmes intended to 'produce' librarians with competency in the use of IT have to be designed.

Ex. Considered as necessary work in the interest of humanity and general enlightenment, bibliography gains ground as the years pass.

Ex. Its primary function is to provide a centre for software and hardware expertise for its members.

Ex. Step 1 Familiarisation: This first step involves the indexer in becoming conversant with the subject content of the document to be indexed.

Ex. The most effective searchers are those who have both system experience and some familiarity with the subject area in which they are searching.

Ex. The human indexer works mechanically and rapidly; he should require no insight into the document content.

Ex. These factors form the basis of the problems in identifying a satisfactory subject approach, and start to explain the vast array of different tolls used in the subject approach to knowledge.

Ex. It is the responsibility of educators to stretch their student's intellects, hone their skills of intuitive judgment and synthesis, and build a love of learning that will sustain them beyond the level of formal education.

Ex. It is only with accumulating experience and many years of close study and acquaintance with bibliographic works that a really substantial body of knowledge of the potential of bibliographic sources is acquired.

Ex. We librarians ought to have a clearer understanding of our stock-in-trade (books) and their function of social mechanism.

Ex. The passive cognisance of growth causes considerable difficulties = El conocimiento pasivo del crecimiento causa dificultades importantes.

Ex. This book explores the underlying institutional factors that help museum-based connoisseurship and aestheticism and university-based critical theory and revisionist scholarship exist.

Ex. For example, the latter are unlikely to engage themselves in conservation issues as these now press upon the professional consciousness of librarians.

----

* actualizar los conocimientos = upgrade + Posesivo + skills.

* adquirir conocimiento = gain + knowledge, glean + knowledge, acquire + knowledge, build up + knowledge.

* ampliar el conocimiento = expand + Posesivo + knowledge, expand + Posesivo + knowledge, widen + knowledge, broaden + knowledge, deepen + understanding.

* ampliar las fronteras del conocimiento = push back + the frontiers of knowledge.

* análisis de áreas del conocimiento = domain analysis.

* análisis de dominios del conocimiento = domain analysis.

* aprendizaje rico en conocimiento = knowledge-rich learning.

* área de conocimiento = area of study.

* área del conocimiento = area of knowledge, discipline, subject field, field of activity, knowledge domain, discipline of knowledge.

* aumentar el conocimiento = expand + Posesivo + knowledge, deepen + awareness.

* aumento del conocimiento = knowledge building.

* bannco de conocimiento = knowledge bank.

* basado en el conocimiento = knowledge-based.

* basado en las disciplinas del conocimiento = discipline-based.

* bibliotecario con conocimientos de medicina = informationist.

* búsqueda del conocimiento = quest for/of knowledge.

* campo del conocimiento = field of knowledge.

* centrado en el conocimiento = knowledge-centric.

* ciencia del conocimiento = cognitive science.

* compartir el conocimiento = knowledge sharing, pool + knowledge.

* con conocimiento = authoritatively.

* con conocimiento básico en el manejo de la información = information literate [information-literate].

* con conocimiento básico en el uso de la biblioteca = library literate [library-literate].

* con conocimiento de = appreciative of, conversant with.

* con conocimiento de causa = knowingly, knowingly.

* con conocimiento de informática = computer literate [computer-literate].

* con conocimiento en el uso de Internet = Internet-savvy.

* con conocimientos en = versed in.

* con conocimientos sobre el correo electrónico = e-mail literate.

* con el conocimiento de que = on the understanding that.

* conjunto de conocimientos = body of knowledge.

* conocimiento académico = academic knowledge.

* conocimiento acumulado sobre un tema = lore.

* conocimiento básico = working familiarity, working knowledge.

* conocimiento científico = scientific knowledge.

* conocimiento compartido = knowledge sharing.

* conocimiento de base = foundation study.

* conocimiento de cómo sobrevivir en el bosque = woodcraft.

* conocimiento de embarque = bill of lading.

* conocimiento de la existencia = awareness.

* conocimiento de lengua = language skill.

* conocimiento del objeto = object knowledge.

* conocimiento de los diferentes soportes = media competency.

* conocimiento detallado = intimate knowledge.

* conocimiento de un área temática = area knowledge.

* conocimiento documentado = recorded knowledge.

* conocimiento enciclopédico = factual knowledge.

* conocimiento en tecnología = technological skill.

* conocimiento específico = expert knowledge.

* conocimiento experto = expert knowledge, expertise.

* conocimiento explícito = explicit knowledge.

* conocimiento factual = declarative knowledge.

* conocimiento humano = human consciousness.

* conocimiento humano, el = human record, the.

* conocimiento indígena = indigenous knowledge.

* conocimiento lingüístico = language skill.

* conocimiento mutuo = mutual knowledge.

* conocimiento pasivo = nodding acquaintance.

* conocimiento pleno = awareness.

* conocimiento práctico = working knowledge, procedural knowledge.

* conocimiento previo = foreknowledge.

* conocimientos = knowledge base [knowledge-base].

* conocimientos básicos = literacy.

* conocimientos básicos de búsqueda, recuperación y organización de informació = information literacy.

* conocimientos básicos de documentación = information literacy.

* conocimientos básicos de informática = computer literacy.

* conocimientos básicos en tecnología = technical literacy.

* conocimientos básicos sobre el uso de las bibliotecas = library skills.

* conocimientos de tecnología = techno-savvy, tech-savvy.

* conocimientos en el manejo de la información = info-savvy.

* conocimiento sobre una materia = subject knowledge.

* conocimientos requeridos = job specs.

* conocimiento tácito = tacit knowledge, tacit knowledge, tacit knowledge.

* conocimiento técnico = know-how, technical knowledge.

* conocimiento teórico = declarative knowledge.

* con poco conocimiento de las nuevas tecnologías = technologically challenged.

* corpus de conocimiento = corpus of knowledge.

* crear un fondo común de conocimientos = pool + knowledge.

* cúmulo de conocimiento = repository of knowledge, knowledge repository.

* decisión con conocimiento de causa = informed decision.

* difundir el conocimiento = spread + knowledge.

* director ejecutivo de la gestión del conocimiento = knowledge executive.

* dominio del conocimiento = knowledge domain.

* economía basada en el conocimiento = knowledge driven economy.

* economía del conocimiento = knowledge economy.

* Era del Conocimiento, la = Knowledge Age, the.

* estructuración del conocimiento = knowledge structuring.

* examinar los conocimientos = test + knowledge.

* falta de conocimiento = unfamiliarity.

* filtro del conocimiento = knowledge filter.

* fomentar el conocimiento = advance + knowledge.

* fondo común de conocimientos = pool of knowledge, pool of expertise.

* frontera del conocimiento = frontier of knowledge.

* fundamentos del conocimiento, los = foundations of knowledge, the.

* gestión del conocimiento = knowledge management (KM).

* gestor del conocimiento = knowledge worker, knowledge manager.

* hacer avanzar el conocimiento = push back + the frontiers of knowledge.

* hacer gala del conocimiento que uno tiene = air + knowledge.

* hacer perder el conocimiento = knock + Nombre + out, knock + Nombre + unconscious.

* hacer uso de un conocimiento = draw on/upon + knowledge.

* impartir conocimiento = impart + knowledge.

* inculcar conocimiento = instil + knowledge.

* ingeniería del conocimiento = knowledge engineering.

* ingeniero del conocimiento = knowledge engineer.

* institucion del conocimiento = institution of learning.

* intercambio de conocimientos = learning exchange, cross-fertilisation [cross-fertilization, -USA], cross-fertilisation of knowledge.

* jefe de los servicios de gestión del conocimiento = chief knowledge officer (CKO).

* metaconocimiento = meta-knowledge.

* navegación por el conocimiento = knowledge navigation.

* navegador del conocimiento = knowledge navigator.

* obtener conocimiento = gain + an understanding.

* ofrecer conocimiento = package + knowledge.

* perder el conocimiento = lose + Posesivo + senses, pass out, lose + Posesivo + consciousness.

* pérdida del conocimiento = unconsciousness, fainting, fainting fit, loss of consciousness.

* personas sin conocimientos técnicos, las = non-technical, the.

* presentar conocimiento = package + knowledge.

* producto del conocimiento = knowledge record.

* profundizar en el conocimiento = deepen + knowledge.

* propagar el conocimiento = propagate + knowledge.

* proporcionar conocimientos técnicos = supply + know-how.

* quedarse sin conocimiento = lose + Posesivo + consciousness, pass out.

* rama del conocimiento = branch of learning.

* recobrar el conocimiento = regain + Posesivo + consciousness.

* recuperar el conocimiento = regain + Posesivo + consciousness.

* red de conocimiento = knowledge network.

* servidor del conocimiento = knowledge server.

* sin conocimiento = unconscious.

* sin conocimiento de causa = unbeknown to, unbeknownst to.

* sintetizar el conocimiento = synthesise + knowledge.

* sistema basado en el conocimiento = knowledge-base system.

* sistema de gestión del conocimiento = knowledge management system (KMS).

* sociedad basada en el conocimiento = knowledge based society.

* sociedad del conocimiento = knowledge society.

* Sociedad para el Conocimiento Global = Global Knowledge Partnership.

* suministrar conocimientos técnicos = supply + know-how.

* tener conocimiento de = be privy to, be aware of.

* toma de decisiones con conocimiento de causa = informed decision making.

* tomar decisiones con conocimiento de causa = make + informed decisions.

* transferencia de conocimiento = transfer of knowledge, knowledge transfer.

* utilizar los conocimientos de Uno = put + Posesivo + knowledge to work.

* * *

1)

a) ( saber) knowledge

b) conocimientos masculino plural ( nociones) knowledge

2) (frml) ( información)

- conocimiento de embarque

3) ( sentido) consciousness

4) ( entendimiento)

* * *

* * *

1 (saber) knowledge

2 conocimientos mpl (nociones) knowledge

tiene algunos conocimientos de inglés he has some knowledge of English, he knows some English

B ( frml)

(información): dio conocimiento del suceso a las autoridades he informed o ( frml) apprised the authorities of the incident

puso el hecho en conocimiento de la policía she informed the police of the incident, she reported the incident to the police

pongo en su conocimiento que … ( Corresp) I am writing to inform you that …

al tener conocimiento del suceso upon learning of the incident ( frml)

a esas horas no se tenía todavía conocimiento de la noticia at that time we/they still had not heard the news

ciertas personas tienen conocimiento de sus actividades certain people are aware of her activities

llegar a conocimiento de algn to come to sb's attention o notice ( frml)

con conocimiento de causa: obró con conocimiento de causa ( frml); he took this step, fully aware of what the consequences would be

te lo digo con conocimiento de causa I know what I'm talking about

bill of lading, waybill

C (sentido) consciousness

perder el conocimiento to lose consciousness

cuando recobró el conocimiento when he regained consciousness, when he came to o round

estar sin conocimiento to be unconscious

(entendimiento): aún es pequeño, no tiene todavía conocimiento he's not old enough to understand

* * *

a) ( saber) knowledge;

◊ tiene algunos conocimientos de inglés he has some knowledge of English;

b) ( sentido) consciousness;

◊ perder/recobrar el conocimiento to lose/regain consciousness;

* * *

conocimiento nm

1. [saber] knowledge;

hablar/actuar con conocimiento de causa to know what one is talking about/doing;

puso el robo en conocimiento de la policía she informed the police of the burglary;

ponemos en su conocimiento que se ha detectado un error en el programa this is to inform you that an error has been detected in the program;

no teníamos conocimiento de su dimisión we were not aware that he had resigned;

al tener conocimiento del accidente, acudió inmediatamente al hospital when she found out about the accident she immediately went to the hospital;

ha llegado a mi conocimiento que estás insatisfecho it has come to my attention that you are not happy

2.

tengo algunos conocimientos de informática I have some knowledge of computers, I know a bit about computers;

nuestros conocimientos acerca de la enfermedad son muy limitados our knowledge of the disease is very limited, we know very little about the disease

3. [sentido, conciencia] consciousness;

perder el conocimiento to lose consciousness;

recobrar el conocimiento to regain consciousness;

estaba tumbado en el suelo, sin conocimiento he was lying unconscious on the floor

4. [juicio] (common) sense;

no tiene todavía conocimiento para saber lo que es peligroso he doesn't yet have a sense of danger

5. Com conocimiento de embarque bill of lading

* * *

1 knowledge;

con conocimiento de causa hacer algo fully aware of the consequences;

poner alguien en conocimiento de algo inform s.o. of sth;

para su conocimiento for your information;

conocimientos pl ( nociones) knowledge sg

2 MED consciousness;

perder el conocimiento lose consciousness;

sin conocimiento unconscious;

recobrar el conocimiento regain consciousness

* * *

conocimiento nm

1) : knowledge

2) sentido: consciousness

* * *

conocimiento n

1. (en general) knowledge

2. (sentido) consciousness

1 information, word, notice, communication.

2 information, data, info, tip-off.

3 directory assistance, directory enquiries.

4 information desk.

5 literature, promotional material.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (conocimiento) information

2 (noticia) piece of news; (conjunto de noticias) news

3 (oficina) information department; (mesa) information desk

4 (en telefónica) directory enquiries plural, US information

\

información deportiva (en televisión) sports news 2 (en prensa) sports pages plural

oficina de información information bureau

* * *

* * *

1) (=datos) information; (=oficina) information desk; (Telec) Directory Enquiries, Directory Assistance (EEUU)